According to the latest published Chemical Sector Profile, there are mainly five sectors that embody the chemical industry: Agricultural Chemicals, Basic Chemicals, Specialty Chemicals, Consumer Products, and Pharmaceuticals.
In the following, we will discuss each of these sectors in short. If you want to investigate the products used in each industry and need technical documents about each chemical you can visit teamchem.co
The chemical industry is the industry responsible for producing the following products:
In the following, we will discuss some of these products in short.
The agricultural industry is probably the most significant sector affected by the chemical industry. The developments in the chemical industry allowed this sector to develop rapidly and ensure the economic growth of most countries.
However, the developments in this field have raised many environmental concerns due to the disposal of chemicals used in fertilizers in water resources. One of these chemicals is Nitrate. Nitrate is associated with two serious diseases: methemoglobinemia (blue-baby syndrome) in infants and stomach cancer in adults.
Chemical fertilizers are also harmful to the soil. They destroy micro-organisms that enrich the soil that help the crops grow faster. They also lead to soil corrosion. Chemical fertilizers such as Alkaline Soil and Sodium Nitrate by increasing the alkalinity of the soil decrease its fertility, and make it barren.
There are mainly two types of basic chemicals: inorganic and organic chemicals. Organic chemicals are compounds that contain carbon and inorganic chemicals are those that do not contain carbon.
Many products, including plastics, synthetic fibers, drugs, etc. are manufactured based on organic materials. One of the most significant organic chemicals is Ethylene. Ethylene is used to make plastics. And Ethanol, the industrial alcohol, is used in medical sectors.
Another organic chemical is Benzene which is used to make a wide range of everyday products, including plastics, detergents, textile fibers, drugs, dyes, and insecticides.
One of the most significant inorganic chemicals is Sulfuric Acid which is used in making fertilizers, synthetic rubber, paints, and car batteries. It is also used within the oil industry for crude oil refinement. Phosphoric Acid is another inorganic used in large quantities to make multiple products, including fertilizers, detergents, animal food, soft drinks, and baking powder.
Specialty chemicals are chemicals produced by special manufacturers and for specific purposes. That is to say, these are not mass-produced chemicals; they are highly exclusive when it comes to their production and distribution.
Adhesives, antibiotics, pesticides, chemicals used in construction like advanced ceramic materials, food flavors, and additives, and chemicals used in cosmetics and fragrances are considered specialty chemicals.
However, these chemicals’ production leads to many environmental challenges and toxic wastes that must be treated as immense threats to life on earth. That is why the concept of Green Chemistry provides solutions in the production and application stage of these chemicals to reduce their waste and their safety concerns to a bare minimum.
One of the hazardous specialty chemicals is Lithium Aluminum Hydride (LAH) which is used in several pharmaceutical drugs and interstitial hydride production. If you breathe Lithium Aluminum Hydride, it can cause damage to your lungs and might even lead to painful skin burns.
Another specialty chemical that has proved to be harmful is Acrolein used in papermaking. If you breathe Acrolein, it can cause respiratory issues for you since it irritates your lungs. Prolonged exposure to Acrolein might even lead to passing out.
One of the most critical aspects of the chemical industry is the latest developments in the field that would help produce improved, less expensive and more environmentally-friendly consumer products.
Chemical engineering, which puts the technologies and methods introduced in the Chemistry laboratories into practical use to make refined material, is an essential part of this process. Nitrogen is an inorganic chemical used in the food industry for food processing purposes. Another inorganic chemical used for chemical engineering purposes is Oxygen which is used for sewage treatment and metal treatment to make steel.
Chemical engineering has made the production of many customer products possible. We have listed some of these products in the following:
The pharmaceutical industry is one of the main benefactors of the chemical industry. The advances in medicine could not have happened had it not been for the advances in the chemical industry. As stated above, one of the most significant products of the chemical industry is antibiotics. We will lose millions of lives in an instant without antibiotics. We have listed some lab-produced chemicals used in pharmaceutical drugs in the following:
However, in modern times, the nature of the pharmaceutical industry has changed; it has developed from an agency built to maintain and protect human lives to an organization that mainly operates according to financial gains.
References
Duncan, T., M., & Reimer, J., A. (1998). Chemical Engineering: Design and Analysis, An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Gabriel, J., M. (2014). Medical Monopoly: Intellectual Property Rights and the Origins of the Modern Pharmaceutical Industry. The University of Chicago Press.
Hester, R., E., & Harrison, R., M. (1996). Agricultural Chemicals and the Environment. RSC Publishing.
Hoyle, W., & Lancaster, M. (2001). Clean Technology for the Manufacture of Specialty Chemicals. RSC Publishing.
Smiley, R., A., & Jackson, H., L.. (2002). Chemistry and the Chemical Industry: A Practical Guide for Non-Chemists. CRC Press.
The Chemical Sector Profile.
visit at: https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Chemical-Sector-Profile_Final%20508.pdf
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The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals. Central to the modern world economy, it converts raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into commodity chemicals for industrial and consumer products. It includes industries for petrochemicals such as polymers for plastics and synthetic fibers; inorganic chemicals such as acids and alkalis; agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides; and other categories such as industrial gases, speciality chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Various professionals are involved in the chemical industry including chemical engineers, chemists and lab technicians.
History
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Although chemicals were made and used throughout history, the birth of the heavy chemical industry (production of chemicals in large quantities for a variety of uses) coincided with the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution.
Industrial Revolution
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One of the first chemicals to be produced in large amounts through industrial processes was sulfuric acid. In 1736 pharmacist Joshua Ward developed a process for its production that involved heating sulfur with saltpeter, allowing the sulfur to oxidize and combine with water. It was the first practical production of sulphuric acid on a large scale. John Roebuck and Samuel Garbett were the first to establish a large-scale factory in Prestonpans, Scotland, in 1749, which used leaden condensing chambers for the manufacture of sulfuric acid.[1][2]
Charles Tennant's St. Rollox Chemical Works in 1831, then the biggest chemical enterprise in the world.In the early 18th century, cloth was bleached by treating it with stale urine or sour milk and exposing it to sunlight for long periods of time, which created a severe bottleneck in production. Sulfuric acid began to be used as a more efficient agent as well as lime by the middle of the century, but it was the discovery of bleaching powder by Charles Tennant that spurred the creation of the first great chemical industrial enterprise. His powder was made by reacting chlorine with dry slaked lime and proved to be a cheap and successful product. He opened the St Rollox Chemical Works, north of Glasgow, and production went from just 52 tons in 1799 to almost 10,000 tons just five years later.[3]
Soda ash was used since ancient times in the production of glass, textile, soap, and paper, and the source of the potash had traditionally been wood ashes in Western Europe. By the 18th century, this source was becoming uneconomical due to deforestation, and the French Academy of Sciences offered a prize of 2400 livres for a method to produce alkali from sea salt (sodium chloride). The Leblanc process was patented in 1791 by Nicolas Leblanc who then built a Leblanc plant at Saint-Denis.[4] He was denied his prize money because of the French Revolution.[5]
In Britain, the Leblanc process became popular.[5] William Losh built the first soda works in Britain at the Losh, Wilson and Bell works on the River Tyne in 1816, but it remained on a small scale due to large tariffs on salt production until 1824. When these tariffs were repealed, the British soda industry was able to rapidly expand. James Muspratt's chemical works in Liverpool and Charles Tennant's complex near Glasgow became the largest chemical production centres anywhere. By the 1870s, the British soda output of 200,000 tons annually exceeded that of all other nations in the world combined.
Ernest Solvay, patented an improved industrial method for the manufacture of soda ash.These huge factories began to produce a greater diversity of chemicals as the Industrial Revolution matured. Originally, large quantities of alkaline waste were vented into the environment from the production of soda, provoking one of the first pieces of environmental legislation to be passed in 1863. This provided for close inspection of the factories and imposed heavy fines on those exceeding the limits on pollution. Methods were devised to make useful byproducts from the alkali.
The Solvay process was developed by the Belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay in 1861. In 1864, Solvay and his brother Alfred constructed a plant in Charleroi Belgium. In 1874, they expanded into a larger plant in Nancy, France. The new process proved more economical and less polluting than the Leblanc method, and its use spread. In the same year, Ludwig Mond visited Solvay to acquire the rights to use his process, and he and John Brunner formed Brunner, Mond & Co., and built a Solvay plant at Winnington, England. Mond was instrumental in making the Solvay process a commercial success. He made several refinements between 1873 and 1880 that removed byproducts that could inhibit the production of sodium carbonate in the process.
The manufacture of chemical products from fossil fuels began at scale in the early 19th century. The coal tar and ammoniacal liquor residues of coal gas manufacture for gas lighting began to be processed in 1822 at the Bonnington Chemical Works in Edinburgh to make naphtha, pitch oil (later called creosote), pitch, lampblack (carbon black) and sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride).[6] Ammonium sulphate fertiliser, asphalt road surfacing, coke oil and coke were later added to the product line.
Expansion and maturation
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The late 19th century saw an explosion in both the quantity of production and the variety of chemicals that were manufactured. Large chemical industries arose in Germany and later in the United States.
The factories of the German firm BASF, in 1866.Production of artificial manufactured fertilizer for agriculture was pioneered by Sir John Lawes at his purpose-built Rothamsted Research facility. In the 1840s he established large works near London for the manufacture of superphosphate of lime. Processes for the vulcanization of rubber were patented by Charles Goodyear in the United States and Thomas Hancock in England in the 1840s. The first synthetic dye was discovered by William Henry Perkin in London. He partly transformed aniline into a crude mixture which, when extracted with alcohol, produced a substance with an intense purple colour. He also developed the first synthetic perfumes. German industry quickly began to dominate the field of synthetic dyes. The three major firms BASF, Bayer, and Hoechst produced several hundred different dyes. By 1913, German industries produced almost 90% of the world's supply of dyestuffs and sold approximately 80% of their production abroad.[7] In the United States, Herbert Henry Dow's use of electrochemistry to produce chemicals from brine was a commercial success that helped to promote the country's chemical industry.[8]
The petrochemical industry can be traced back to the oil works of Scottish chemist James Young, and Canadian Abraham Pineo Gesner. The first plastic was invented by Alexander Parkes, an English metallurgist. In 1856, he patented Parkesine, a celluloid based on nitrocellulose treated with a variety of solvents.[9] This material, exhibited at the 1862 London International Exhibition, anticipated many of the modern aesthetic and utility uses of plastics. The industrial production of soap from vegetable oils was started by William Lever and his brother James in 1885 in Lancashire based on a modern chemical process invented by William Hough Watson that used glycerin and vegetable oils.[10]
By the 1920s, chemical firms consolidated into large conglomerates; IG Farben in Germany, Rhône-Poulenc in France and Imperial Chemical Industries in Britain. Dupont became a major chemicals firm in the early 20th century in America.
Products
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Polymers and plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene and polycarbonate comprise about 80% of the industry's output worldwide.[11] Chemicals are used in many different consumer goods, and are also used in many different sectors. This includes agriculture manufacturing, construction, and service industries.[11] Major industrial customers include rubber and plastic products, textiles, apparel, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and primary metals. Chemicals are nearly a $5 trillion global enterprise, and the EU and U.S. chemical companies are the world's largest producers.[12]
Sales of the chemical business can be divided into a few broad categories, including basic chemicals (about 35% - 37% of dollar output), life sciences (30%), specialty chemicals (20% - 25%) and consumer products (about 10%).[13]
Overview
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New polypropylene plant PP3 in the Slovnaft oil refinery (Bratislava, Slovakia)Basic chemicals, or "commodity chemicals" are a broad chemical category including polymers, bulk petrochemicals and intermediates, other derivatives and basic industrials, inorganic chemicals, and fertilizers.
Polymers are the largest revenue segment and includes all categories of plastics and human-made fibers. The major markets for plastics are packaging, followed by home construction, containers, appliances, pipe, transportation, toys, and games.
Principal raw materials for polymers are bulk petrochemicals like ethylene, propylene and benzene.
Petrochemicals and intermediate chemicals are primarily made from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas and crude oil fractions. Large volume products include ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, xylenes, methanol, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), styrene, butadiene, and ethylene oxide. These basic or commodity chemicals are the starting materials used to manufacture many polymers and other more complex organic chemicals particularly those that are made for use in the specialty chemicals category.
Other derivatives and basic industrials include synthetic rubber, surfactants, dyes and pigments, turpentine, resins, carbon black, explosives, and rubber products and contribute about 20 percent of the basic chemicals' external sales.
Inorganic chemicals (about 12% of the revenue output) make up the oldest of the chemical categories. Products include salt, chlorine, caustic soda, soda ash, acids (such as nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid), titanium dioxide, and hydrogen peroxide.
Fertilizers are the smallest category (about 6 percent) and include phosphates, ammonia, and potash chemicals.
Life sciences
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Life sciences (about 30% of the dollar output of the chemistry business) include differentiated chemical and biological substances, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, animal health products, vitamins, and pesticides. While much smaller in volume than other chemical sectors, their products tend to have high prices - over ten dollars per pound - growth rates of 1.5 to 6 times GDP, and research and development spending at 15 to 25% of sales. Life science products are usually produced with high specifications and are closely scrutinized by government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration. Pesticides, also called "crop protection chemicals", are about 10% of this category and include herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides.[13]
Specialty chemicals
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Specialty chemicals are a category of relatively high-valued, rapidly growing chemicals with diverse end product markets. Typical growth rates are one to three times GDP with prices over a dollar per pound. They are generally characterized by their innovative aspects. Products are sold for what they can do rather than for what chemicals they contain. Products include electronic chemicals, industrial gases, adhesives and sealants as well as coatings, industrial and institutional cleaning chemicals, and catalysts. In 2012, excluding fine chemicals, the $546 billion global specialty chemical market was 33% Paints, Coating and Surface Treatments, 27% Advanced Polymer, 14% Adhesives and Sealants, 13% additives, and 13% pigments and inks.[14]
Speciality chemicals are sold as effect or performance chemicals. Sometimes they are mixtures of formulations, unlike "fine chemicals," which are almost always single-molecule products.
Consumer products
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Consumer products include direct product sales of chemicals such as soaps, detergents, and cosmetics. Typical growth rates are 0.8 to 1.0 times GDP.[citation needed]
Consumers rarely come into contact with basic chemicals. Polymers and specialty chemicals are materials that they encounter everywhere daily. Examples are plastics, cleaning materials, cosmetics, paints & coatings, electronics, automobiles and the materials used in home construction.[15] These specialty products are marketed by chemical companies to the downstream manufacturing industries as pesticides, specialty polymers, electronic chemicals, surfactants, construction chemicals, Industrial Cleaners, flavours and fragrances, specialty coatings, printing inks, water-soluble polymers, food additives, paper chemicals, oil field chemicals, plastic adhesives, adhesives and sealants, cosmetic chemicals, water management chemicals, catalysts, and textile chemicals. Chemical companies rarely supply these products directly to the consumer.
Annually the American Chemistry Council tabulates the US production volume of the top 100 chemicals. In 2000, the aggregate production volume of the top 100 chemicals totaled 502 million tons, up from 397 million tons in 1990. Inorganic chemicals tend to be the largest volume but much smaller in dollar revenue due to their low prices. The top 11 of the 100 chemicals in 2000 were sulfuric acid (44 million tons), nitrogen (34), ethylene (28), oxygen (27), lime (22), ammonia (17), propylene (16), polyethylene (15), chlorine (13), phosphoric acid (13) and diammonium phosphates (12).[citation needed]
Companies
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The largest chemical producers today are global companies with international operations and plants in numerous countries. Below is a list of the top 25 chemical companies by chemical sales in 2015. (Note: Chemical sales represent only a portion of total sales for some companies.)
Top chemical companies by chemical sales in 2015.[16]
Technology
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This is a process diagram of a turbine generator. Engineers working to produce a sustainable process for use in the chemical industry need to know how to design a sustainable process in which the system can withstand or manipulate process-halting conditions such as heat, friction, pressure, emissions, and contaminants.From the perspective of chemical engineers, the chemical industry involves the use of chemical processes such as chemical reactions and refining methods to produce a wide variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous materials. Most of these products serve to manufacture other items, although a smaller number go directly to consumers. Solvents, pesticides, lye, washing soda, and portland cement provide a few examples of products used by consumers.
The industry includes manufacturers of inorganic- and organic-industrial chemicals, ceramic products, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers and rubber (elastomers), oleochemicals (oils, fats, and waxes), explosives, fragrances and flavors. Examples of these products are shown in the Table below.
Related industries include petroleum, glass, paint, ink, sealant, adhesive, pharmaceuticals and food processing.
Chemical processes such as chemical reactions operate in chemical plants to form new substances in various types of reaction vessels. In many cases, the reactions take place in special corrosion-resistant equipment at elevated temperatures and pressures with the use of catalysts. The products of these reactions are separated using a variety of techniques including distillation especially fractional distillation, precipitation, crystallization, adsorption, filtration, sublimation, and drying.
The processes and products or products are usually tested during and after manufacture by dedicated instruments and on-site quality control laboratories to ensure safe operation and to assure that the product will meet required specifications. More organizations within the industry are implementing chemical compliance software to maintain quality products and manufacturing standards.[17] The products are packaged and delivered by many methods, including pipelines, tank-cars, and tank-trucks (for both solids and liquids), cylinders, drums, bottles, and boxes. Chemical companies often have a research-and-development laboratory for developing and testing products and processes. These facilities may include pilot plants and such research facilities may be located at a site separate from the production plant(s).
World chemical production
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Distillation columnsThe scale of chemical manufacturing tends to be organized from largest in volume (petrochemicals and commodity chemicals), to specialty chemicals, and the smallest, fine chemicals.
The petrochemical and commodity chemical manufacturing units are on the whole single product continuous processing plants. Not all petrochemical or commodity chemical materials are made in one single location, but groups of related materials often are to induce industrial symbiosis as well as material, energy and utility efficiency and other economies of scale.
Those chemicals made on the largest of scales are made in a few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in Texas and Louisiana along the Gulf Coast of the United States, on Teesside (United Kingdom), and in Rotterdam in the Netherlands. The large-scale manufacturing locations often have clusters of manufacturing units that share utilities and large-scale infrastructure such as power stations, port facilities, and road and rail terminals. To demonstrate the clustering and integration mentioned above, some 50% of the United Kingdom's petrochemical and commodity chemicals are produced by the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster on Teesside.
Specialty chemical and fine chemical manufacturing are mostly made in discrete batch processes. These manufacturers are often found in similar locations but in many cases, they are to be found in multi-sector business parks.
Continents and countries
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Kemira's chemical plant in Oulu, FinlandIn the U.S. there are 170 major chemical companies.[18] They operate internationally with more than 2,800 facilities outside the U.S. and 1,700 foreign subsidiaries or affiliates operating. The U.S. chemical output is $750 billion a year. The U.S. industry records large trade surpluses and employs more than a million people in the United States alone. The chemical industry is also the second largest consumer of energy in manufacturing and spends over $5 billion annually on pollution abatement.
In Europe, the chemical, plastics, and rubber sectors are among the largest industrial sectors.[19] Together they generate about 3.2 million jobs in more than 60,000 companies. Since 2000 the chemical sector alone has represented 2/3 of the entire manufacturing trade surplus of the EU.
In 2012, the chemical sector accounted for 12% of the EU manufacturing industry's added value. Europe remains the world's biggest chemical trading region with 43% of the world's exports and 37% of the world's imports, although the latest data shows that Asia is catching up with 34% of the exports and 37% of imports.[20] Even so, Europe still has a trading surplus with all regions of the world except Japan and China where in 2011 there was a chemical trade balance. Europe's trade surplus with the rest of the world today amounts to 41.7 billion Euros.[21]
Over the 20 years between 1991 and 2011, the European Chemical industry saw its sales increase from 295 billion Euros to 539 billion Euros, a picture of constant growth. Despite this, the European industry's share of the world chemical market has fallen from 36% to 20%. This has resulted from the huge increase in production and sales in emerging markets like India and China.[22] The data suggest that 95% of this impact is from China alone. In 2012 the data from the European Chemical Industry Council shows that five European countries account for 71% of the EU's chemicals sales. These are Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy and the Netherlands.[23]
The chemical industry has seen growth in China, India, Korea, the Middle East, South East Asia, Nigeria and Brazil. The growth is driven by changes in feedstock availability and price, labor and energy costs, differential rates of economic growth and environmental pressures.
Just as companies emerge as the main producers of the chemical industry, we can also look on a more global scale at how industrialized countries rank, with regard to the billions of dollars worth of production a country or region could export. Though the business of chemistry is worldwide in scope, the bulk of the world's $3.7 trillion chemical output is accounted for by only a handful of industrialized nations. The United States alone produced $689 billion, 18.6 percent of the total world chemical output in 2008.[24]
Global Chemical Shipments by Country/Region (billions of dollars)[24] 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 United States of America 416.7 420.3 449.2 438.4 462.5 487.7 540.9 610.9 657.7 664.1 689.3 Canada 21.1 21.8 25.0 24.8 25.8 30.5 36.2 40.2 43.7 45.4 47.4 Mexico 19.1 21.0 23.8 24.4 24.3 23.5 25.6 29.2 32.0 33.4 37.8 North America 456.9 463.1 498.0 487.6 512.6 541.7 602.7 680.3 733.4 742.8 774.6 Brazil 46.5 40.0 45.7 41.5 39.6 47.4 60.2 71.1 82.8 96.4 126.7 Other 59.2 58.1 60.8 63.4 58.6 62.9 69.9 77.2 84.6 89.5 102.1 Latin America 105.7 98.1 106.5 104.9 98.2 110.3 130.0 148.3 167.4 185.9 228.8 Germany 124.9 123.2 118.9 116.1 120.1 148.1 168.6 178.6 192.5 229.5 263.2 France 79.1 78.5 76.5 76.8 80.5 99.6 111.1 117.5 121.3 138.4 158.9 United Kingdom 70.3 70.1 66.8 66.4 69.9 77.3 91.3 95.2 107.8 118.2 123.4 Italy 63.9 64.6 59.5 58.6 64.5 75.8 86.6 89.8 95.3 105.9 122.9 Spain 31.0 30.8 30.8 31.9 33.4 42.0 48.9 52.7 56.7 63.7 74.8 Netherlands 29.7 29.4 31.3 30.6 32.2 40.1 49.0 52.7 59.2 67.9 81.7 Belgium 27.1 27.0 27.5 27.1 28.7 36.1 41.8 43.5 46.9 51.6 62.6 Switzerland 22.1 22.2 19.4 21.1 25.5 30.3 33.8 35.4 37.8 42.7 53.1 Ireland 16.9 20.1 22.6 22.9 29.1 32.3 33.9 34.9 37.5 46.0 54.8 Sweden 11.1 11.4 11.2 11.0 12.5 15.9 18.2 19.3 21.2 21.2 22.6 Other 27.1 26.8 25.9 26.4 27.9 33.5 38.6 42.9 46.2 50.3 58.9 Western Europe 503.1 504.0 490.4 488.8 524.4 630.9 721.9 762.7 822.4 935.4 1,076.8 Russia 23.8 24.6 27.4 29.1 30.3 33.4 37.5 40.9 53.1 63.0 77.6 Other 22.3 20.3 21.9 23.4 25.3 31.4 39.6 46.2 55.0 68.4 87.5 Central/Eastern Europe 46.1 44.9 49.3 52.5 55.6 64.8 77.1 87.1 108.0 131.3 165.1 Africa & Middle East 52.7 53.2 59.2 57.4 60.4 73.0 86.4 99.3 109.6 124.2 160.4 Japan 193.8 220.4 239.7 208.3 197.2 218.8 243.6 251.3 248.5 245.4 298.0 Asia-Pacific excluding Japan 215.2 241.9 276.1 271.5 300.5 369.1 463.9 567.5 668.8 795.5 993.2 China 80.9 87.8 103.6 111.0 126.5 159.9 205.0 269.0 331.4 406.4 549.4 India 30.7 35.3 35.3 32.5 33.5 40.8 53.3 63.6 72.5 91.1 98.2 Australia 11.3 12.1 11.2 10.8 11.3 14.9 17.0 18.7 19.1 22.8 27.1 Korea 39.3 45.5 56.3 50.4 54.9 64.4 78.7 91.9 103.4 116.7 133.2 Singapore 6.3 8.5 9.5 9.4 12.5 16.1 20.0 22.0 25.8 28.9 31.6 Taiwan 21.9 23.7 29.2 26.8 28.4 34.3 44.5 49.5 53.8 57.4 62.9 Other Asia/Pacific 24.8 29.1 30.9 30.8 33.3 38.8 45.5 52.9 62.9 72.2 90.8 Asia/Pacific 409.0 462.3 515.7 479.7 497.7 587.8 707.5 818.8 917.3 1041.0 1291.2 Total world shipments 1573.5 1625.5 1719.0 1670.9 1748.8 2008.5 2325.6 2596.4 2858.1 3160.7 3696.8See also
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